From Paul Marshall's review, for Wall Street Journal, of Christopher Caldwell's Reflections on the Revolution in Europe:
"When an insecure, malleable, relativistic culture meets a culture
that is anchored, confident, and strengthened by common doctrines," Mr.
Caldwell writes, "it is generally the former that changes to suit the
latter." The book is not a polemic; it is at once nuanced and blunt,
serious and witty, while also avoiding what Mr. Caldwell calls "the
preemptive groveling that characterizes most writing about matters
touching on ethnicity." He does not advocate positions but instead
offers reflections on a mix of trends, misunderstandings and
self-delusions.
He also ruminates on far more than the increasing radicalization of
generations of Muslim immigrants. Just as Edmund Burke's "Reflections
on the Revolution in France" (1790) predicted a dire fate for the mass
insurrection then aborning, Mr. Caldwell looks with alarm at Europe's
continuing rejection of itself. Without a rejection of the religion and
culture that sustained Europe for centuries, he says, the immigration
troubles might never have occurred, or at least would not have been so
severe: His verdict is suicide rather than murder.
The author notes that even the prominent German philosopher Jürgen
Habermas, who is an atheist, has acknowledged that "Christianity, and
nothing else, is the ultimate foundation of liberty, conscience, human
rights, and democracy, the benchmarks of Western civilization. To this
we have no other options. We continue to nourish ourselves from this
source. Everything else is postmodern chatter."
Yet much of Europe has discarded its
historic religious underpinnings as irrelevant at best, harmful at
worst. Even the memory of what a religiously ordered society was like
has seemed to disappear, Mr. Caldwell observes. "A good definition of
religion" for most modern Europeans, he says, might be "an irrational
opinion, strongly held."
Read the entire review. Caldwell was interviewed by Jeremy Lott for the July 2009 issue of Catholic World Report. Cardinal Camillo Ruini, who for many years was Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome, has described two different stances taken toward religion in Italy in this way:
Coming now to the aspects of secularism on which there are profound
divergences, or to the problems that have in fact been opened today,
these are mainly focused, in the countries with liberal democracies to
which I limit my remarks, on the public role that religion can or
cannot exercise, and on the conditions under which it can possibly
exercise it.
The spectrum of opinions and positions in this
regard is broad and varied, but it seems possible to identify two basic
orientations, I would say two sensibilities.
One of these tends
to reduce the public role of religion, sometimes even to the point of
suppressing it, and is justified by emphasizing, on the one hand, the
personal, spiritual, and intimate character, rather than social and
institutional, of authentic religiosity; and on the other hand
favoring, in the life of a nation, the properly political sphere over
the social.
The other orientation tends instead to favor, or in
any case to accept without mental reservations, the public role of
religion, maintaining also that the social and institutional dimensions
are essential for religion, and insisting on the autonomy and
irreducible relevance of the social sphere.
It must be clearly
stated here that these differences of orientation today appear
tangential compared to the distinction, which is commonly made in
Italy, between Catholics and secularists, as also between believers and
nonbelievers. Among Catholics, in fact, there are not a few supporters
of a practice of religion concentrated on its spiritual aspect, who are
quick to criticize the public role of religion and of Catholicism in
particular, while among the secularists, especially after the emergence
of the new and great ethical and anthropological questions, and after
the renewed presence of the non-Christian religions on the world stage,
there are many who willingly acknowledge such a role, and often hope
for it.
That remark is from a recent book co-authored by Cardinal Ruini and secularist Ernesto Galli della Loggia, as reported by Sandro Magister.
• The Dialectics of Secularization: On Reason and Religion, by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, with Jürgen Habermas.
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